A Simplistic View of Stoicism

Commonly, Stoicism is perceived as a strategy for maintaining composure. While this is partially true, it oversimplifies the intricate philosophy. Behind the motivational quotes that advocate for patience and acceptance lies a more somber perspective.

Understanding Stoicism

Originally, Stoicism emerged as a response to the cosmopolitan lifestyle of ancient Greece. It began in Greek culture but truly flourished during the Roman Empire. Zeno of Citium (334–262 BCE), the founder, taught a philosophy centered on detachment in the stoas of Athens. His successors, Cleanthes and Chrysippus, formalized Stoicism into a coherent system.

The Stoics followed Aristotle's example by pursuing knowledge grounded in reason and adopting virtues such as wisdom, justice, courage, and moderation as foundational to ethical living. They advocated for restraint from excessive desires, unlike Epicurus, whom they largely disagreed with regarding the nature of the cosmos. Most Stoics believed in a higher power that symbolizes all goodness and rationality.

At the heart of Stoic belief is the understanding that both positive and negative emotions stem from erroneous judgments. A wise individual would transcend these emotions, leading to eudaimonia—a serene and resigned contentment. The term "stoic" derives from these philosophers, reflecting their belief that the universe is governed by a higher rational order known as Logos, the eternal reason from which all things emerge.

Stoicism teaches that while we can perceive the Logos, we are ultimately bound by its design. Our only power lies in our attitude toward circumstances. As illustrated by Zeno, consider a dog tied to a wagon: whether it agrees to follow or not, it is compelled to do so. Similarly, humans must acknowledge their fates, for acceptance is the only rational response to reality.

The Roman Adoption of Stoicism

The resurgence of Stoicism in contemporary pop psychology often references notable Roman figures like Seneca, Cicero, and Marcus Aurelius. Stoicism aligned perfectly with Roman values, as the empire's citizens grappled with their powerlessness against vast political and military forces. The philosophy provided comfort in a society where individual agency was often overshadowed by imperial dominance.

Marcus Aurelius poignantly expressed, “When you are grieved about anything external it is not the thing itself which afflicts you, but your judgment about it.” As Emperor from 161 to 180 CE, he embodied Stoic principles, emphasizing that control lies solely within one’s mind and responses.

Epictetus (55–135 CE), another significant Stoic, was born a slave and later freed. He famously stated he would prefer slavery over the burdens of freedom. He believed that people are not disturbed by events but rather by their perceptions of them. His teachings urged individuals to detach from external influences and their own emotions, advocating for a form of quietism.

Why Stoicism is Selling Like a Pet Rock Today

It's no surprise that ideas can be reshaped over time. Historically, Stoicism's popularity has surged during challenging periods when individuals seek solace in superficial comforts. The pandemic certainly qualifies as one such moment, yet a deeper trend is at play.

Much like in Roman times, there is a contemporary push suggesting that individuals are largely powerless against larger forces. The current corporatist and neoliberal environment encourages compliance among workers and consumers. If people believe they cannot change their circumstances, society becomes more stable and predictable—beneficial for business.

I do not propose that this is part of an elaborate conspiracy, but it is evident that corporate media and publishing favor works that promote Stoic fatalism. The narrative encourages individuals to accept their reality without question, attributing any dissatisfaction to their own attitudes. This approach ultimately serves corporate interests.

A philosopher colleague aptly noted that Stoicism affects individuals on a subjective level, making the pursuit of true freedom, happiness, and political activism seem unrealistic. I concur; the philosophy's inherent pessimism and fatalism regarding personal and societal improvement deny individual agency and hope. Much like a Pet Rock, the current trend of Stoicism is merely a marketing strategy, but unlike a Pet Rock, it carries the potential for harm.